在當(dāng)今工業(yè)化快速發(fā)展的時代，危險廢物的產(chǎn)生量與日俱增。危險廢物，因其具有毒性、腐蝕性、易燃性、反應(yīng)性或感染性等特性，若處置不當(dāng)，會對土壤、水體、大氣等生態(tài)環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重污染，甚至威脅人類健康。而危廢暫存間，作為危險廢物從產(chǎn)生到非常終處理過程中的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，肩負(fù)著安全儲存、分類管理等重要使命，其重要性不言而喻。

In today's era of rapid industrialization, the amount of hazardous waste generated is increasing day by day. Hazardous waste, due to its toxicity, corrosiveness, flammability, reactivity, or infectivity, if not disposed of properly, can cause serious pollution to the ecological environment such as soil, water bodies, and atmosphere, and even threaten human health. The hazardous waste temporary storage room, as a key link in the process of hazardous waste generation and final treatment, shoulders important missions such as safe storage and classified management, and its importance is self-evident.

一、危廢暫存間的設(shè)計與建設(shè)要點

1、 Design and construction points of hazardous waste temporary storage room

（一）選址考量

（1） Site selection considerations

危廢暫存間應(yīng)遠離人員密集區(qū)域、飲用水源保護區(qū)以及生態(tài)敏感地帶，避免對周邊環(huán)境和人群造成潛在危害。同時，要考慮到交通便利性，便于危險廢物的運輸和轉(zhuǎn)移，降低運輸過程中的風(fēng)險和成本。選址還需充分考慮地質(zhì)條件，確保暫存間所在區(qū)域地質(zhì)穩(wěn)定，防止因地基沉降、塌陷等問題導(dǎo)致暫存間損壞，引發(fā)危險廢物泄漏事故 。

The hazardous waste temporary storage room should be kept away from densely populated areas, drinking water source protection areas, and ecologically sensitive areas to avoid potential harm to the surrounding environment and population. At the same time, consideration should be given to transportation convenience, facilitating the transportation and transfer of hazardous waste, and reducing risks and costs during the transportation process. The site selection also needs to fully consider the geological conditions, ensure the geological stability of the area where the temporary storage room is located, and prevent damage to the temporary storage room caused by foundation settlement, collapse, and other issues, which may lead to hazardous waste leakage accidents.

（二）建筑結(jié)構(gòu)與 “四防” 措施

（2） Building structure and "four prevention" measures

結(jié)構(gòu)堅固：危廢暫存間的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)建議堅固耐用，能夠承受自身重量以及可能放置的危險廢物的重量，抵御自然災(zāi)害（如大風(fēng)、地震等）的影響。采用框架結(jié)構(gòu)、磚混結(jié)構(gòu)等穩(wěn)定的建筑形式，并確保墻體、屋頂?shù)炔糠志哂凶銐虻膹姸群头€(wěn)定性 。

Sturdy structure: The building structure of the hazardous waste temporary storage room must be sturdy and durable, able to withstand its own weight and the weight of the hazardous waste that may be placed, and resist the impact of natural disasters such as strong winds and earthquakes. Adopt stable building forms such as frame structures and brick concrete structures, and ensure that the walls, roofs, and other parts have sufficient strength and stability.

防風(fēng)：通過合理的建筑設(shè)計和防風(fēng)設(shè)施的安裝，如加固門窗、設(shè)置防風(fēng)屏障等，防止強風(fēng)將危險廢物吹散，造成環(huán)境污染和安全隱患 。

Windproof: Through reasonable building design and installation of windproof facilities, such as reinforcing doors and windows, setting up windproof barriers, etc., to prevent strong winds from blowing away hazardous waste, causing environmental pollution and safety hazards.

防雨：暫存間的屋頂應(yīng)具備良好的防水性能，采用防水卷材、防水涂料等材料進行施工，確保雨水不會滲漏進入暫存間內(nèi)部。同時，設(shè)置合理的排水系統(tǒng)，及時排除屋頂和周邊的積水 。

Rainproof: The roof of the temporary storage room should have good waterproof performance and be constructed with waterproof rolls, waterproof coatings and other materials to ensure that rainwater does not leak into the interior of the temporary storage room. At the same time, set up a reasonable drainage system to promptly remove accumulated water from the roof and surrounding areas.

防曬：為避免陽光直射導(dǎo)致危險廢物溫度升高，引發(fā)化學(xué)反應(yīng)或加速其揮發(fā)，暫存間的屋頂和墻壁可采用隔熱材料，如聚苯乙烯泡沫板、巖棉板等，降低室內(nèi)溫度。也可以在外部設(shè)置遮陽設(shè)施，如遮陽棚、遮陽網(wǎng)等 。

Sun protection: In order to avoid the temperature rise of hazardous waste caused by direct sunlight, causing chemical reaction or accelerating its volatilization, the roof and wall of the temporary storage room can use thermal insulation materials, such as polystyrene foam board, rock wool board, etc., to reduce the indoor temperature. Sunshade facilities can also be installed externally, such as sunshades, sunshade nets, etc.

防滲漏：這是危廢暫存間建設(shè)的核心要求。地面和裙腳要用堅固、防滲的材料建造，如高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）膜、環(huán)氧樹脂地坪等。對于存放液體危險廢物的暫存間，還需設(shè)置泄漏液體收集裝置，如托盤、導(dǎo)流溝、收集池等，確保一旦發(fā)生泄漏，能夠及時收集和處理，防止污染物擴散 。

Leak prevention: This is the core requirement for the construction of hazardous waste temporary storage rooms. The ground and skirt legs should be constructed with sturdy and impermeable materials, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film, epoxy resin flooring, etc. For the temporary storage room for storing liquid hazardous waste, leakage liquid collection devices such as trays, diversion ditches, collection pools, etc. need to be installed to ensure timely collection and treatment in case of leakage and prevent the spread of pollutants.

（三）內(nèi)部布局與設(shè)施配備

（3） Internal layout and facility configuration

分區(qū)存放：根據(jù)危險廢物的性質(zhì)、類別和危險特性，將暫存間劃分為不同的區(qū)域，實現(xiàn)分類存放。化學(xué)性質(zhì)不相容的危險廢物建議分隔堆放，間隔應(yīng)為完整的不滲透墻體，并在各區(qū)域醒目位置設(shè)置該類危廢的標(biāo)志牌，便于識別和管理 。

Partition storage: According to the nature, category, and hazardous characteristics of hazardous waste, the temporary storage room is divided into different areas to achieve classified storage. Hazardous waste with incompatible chemical properties must be separated and stacked, with complete impermeable walls between them. Signs for this type of hazardous waste should be prominently placed in each area for easy identification and management.

安全照明與通風(fēng)：配備充足的安全照明設(shè)施，確保在明顯情況下大多能清晰觀察暫存間內(nèi)的情況。同時，設(shè)置良好的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，保持空氣流通，防止揮發(fā)性危險廢物積聚產(chǎn)生有害氣體，引發(fā)爆炸或中毒等事故 。對于存放具有揮發(fā)性氣體危廢的暫存間，還需安裝廢氣凈化裝置，對排出的廢氣進行處理，達標(biāo)后排放 。

Safety lighting and ventilation: Equipped with sufficient safety lighting facilities to ensure clear observation of the situation in the temporary storage room under any circumstances. At the same time, a good ventilation system should be set up to maintain air circulation and prevent the accumulation of volatile hazardous waste, which can produce harmful gases and cause accidents such as explosions or poisoning. For temporary storage rooms storing volatile gas hazardous waste, it is also necessary to install exhaust gas purification devices to treat the discharged exhaust gas and discharge it after meeting the standards.

消防與應(yīng)急設(shè)施：按照相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配備必要的消防設(shè)施，如滅火器、消防栓、滅火沙等，以應(yīng)對可能發(fā)生的火災(zāi)事故。設(shè)置應(yīng)急救援工具及設(shè)備存放區(qū)，配備防護手套、護目鏡、呼吸器、急救藥品等應(yīng)急物資，確保在緊急情況下工作人員能夠迅速采取措施，進行撲救和處理工作 。

Firefighting and emergency facilities: Equip necessary firefighting equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, and firefighting sand according to relevant standards to cope with possible fire accidents. Set up an emergency rescue tool and equipment storage area, equipped with emergency supplies such as protective gloves, goggles, respirators, and first aid drugs, to ensure that personnel can quickly take measures to carry out firefighting and handling work in emergency situations.

標(biāo)識與警示：在暫存間的外部和內(nèi)部顯著位置張貼危險廢物標(biāo)識、警示標(biāo)志和管理制度等。標(biāo)識應(yīng)清晰、準(zhǔn)確地標(biāo)明危險廢物的名稱、類別、特性、數(shù)量、產(chǎn)生單位、入庫時間等信息，警示標(biāo)志用于提醒人員注意危險，防止意外發(fā)生 。

Identification and Warning: Post hazardous waste identification, warning signs, and management regulations in prominent locations outside and inside the temporary storage room. The identification should clearly and accurately indicate the name, category, characteristics, quantity, generating unit, storage time, and other information of hazardous waste. Warning signs are used to remind personnel to pay attention to danger and prevent accidents from occurring.

二、危廢暫存間的運行管理規(guī)范

2、 Operation and Management Standards for Hazardous Waste Storage Room

（一）人員管理

（1） Personnel management

專人負(fù)責(zé)：安排經(jīng)過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)、熟悉危險廢物管理知識和相關(guān)法規(guī)的專人負(fù)責(zé)危廢暫存間的日常管理工作。管理人員應(yīng)具備應(yīng)急處理能力，能夠及時、有效地應(yīng)對突發(fā)情況 。

Special person in charge: Arrange a specially trained person who is familiar with hazardous waste management knowledge and relevant regulations to be responsible for the daily management of the hazardous waste temporary storage room. Management personnel should have emergency response capabilities and be able to respond promptly and effectively to unexpected situations.

人員培訓(xùn)：定期對涉及危險廢物管理的人員進行培訓(xùn)，包括危險廢物的特性、分類、儲存要求、安全防護知識、應(yīng)急處理措施以及相關(guān)法律法規(guī)等內(nèi)容，提高人員的專業(yè)素養(yǎng)和安全意識 。

Personnel training: Regularly train personnel involved in hazardous waste management, including the characteristics, classification, storage requirements, safety protection knowledge, emergency response measures, and relevant laws and regulations of hazardous waste, to enhance their professional competence and safety awareness.

（二）出入庫管理

（2） Inventory management

入庫登記：危險廢物入庫時，管理人員要嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)定進行詳細登記，記錄貨物的名稱、數(shù)量、來源、入庫時間、包裝形式等信息。對危險廢物的包裝進行檢查，確保包裝完好，無泄漏、破損等情況 。

Storage registration: When hazardous waste is stored, management personnel must strictly follow the regulations for detailed registration, recording information such as the name, quantity, source, storage time, packaging form, etc. of the goods. Inspect the packaging of hazardous waste to ensure that it is intact and free from leaks, damages, and other issues.

出庫記錄：在危險廢物出庫轉(zhuǎn)移時，同樣要做好記錄，包括轉(zhuǎn)移時間、接收單位、運輸方式、轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量等信息。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行危險廢物轉(zhuǎn)移聯(lián)單制度，確保危險廢物的流向清晰、可追溯 。

Outbound records: When transferring hazardous waste out of storage, records should also be kept, including transfer time, receiving unit, transportation method, transfer quantity, and other information. Strictly implement the hazardous waste transfer manifest system to ensure clear and traceable flow of hazardous waste.

（三）日常檢查與維護

（3） Daily inspection and maintenance

定期巡檢：管理人員要定期對危廢暫存間進行巡檢，檢查設(shè)施設(shè)備的運行狀況，如通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、照明系統(tǒng)、消防設(shè)施、廢氣凈化裝置等是否正常運行；檢查危險廢物的包裝是否完好，有無泄漏、破損等情況；檢查地面、墻壁、收集裝置等是否有損壞或滲漏現(xiàn)象 。

Regular inspection: Management personnel should conduct regular inspections of the hazardous waste temporary storage room to check the operation status of facilities and equipment, such as ventilation systems, lighting systems, fire-fighting facilities, exhaust gas purification devices, etc., to ensure that they are functioning properly; Check whether the packaging of hazardous waste is intact, and whether there are any leaks, damages, or other situations; Check the ground, walls, collection devices, etc. for any damage or leakage.

維護保養(yǎng)：根據(jù)設(shè)施設(shè)備的使用情況和維護要求，定期進行維護保養(yǎng)工作，確保設(shè)施設(shè)備始終處于良好的運行狀態(tài)。對發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題及時進行維修或更換，保障暫存間的安全運行 。

Maintenance and upkeep: Regular maintenance and upkeep work should be carried out according to the usage and maintenance requirements of the facilities and equipment to ensure that they are always in good operating condition. Timely repair or replace any problems discovered to ensure the safe operation of the temporary storage room.

（四）臺賬管理

（4） Ledger management

建立完善的危險廢物管理臺賬，詳細記錄危險廢物的產(chǎn)生、收集、貯存、轉(zhuǎn)移、處置等全過程信息。臺賬內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括危險廢物的種類、數(shù)量、產(chǎn)生時間、產(chǎn)生地點、來源、去向、處理方式等，確保數(shù)據(jù)真實、準(zhǔn)確、完整 。臺賬要妥善保存，保存期限應(yīng)符合相關(guān)法規(guī)要求，以便監(jiān)管部門查閱和追溯 。

Establish a comprehensive hazardous waste management ledger, detailing the entire process of hazardous waste generation, collection, storage, transfer, disposal, and other related information. The content of the ledger should include the type, quantity, generation time, generation location, source, destination, disposal method, etc. of hazardous waste to ensure the authenticity, accuracy, and completeness of the data. The ledger should be properly kept, and the retention period should comply with relevant regulatory requirements for regulatory authorities to review and trace.

三、危廢暫存間的環(huán)保與安全意義

3、 The Environmental and Safety Significance of Hazardous Waste Storage Room

（一）環(huán)境保護

（1） Environmental Protection

防止污染擴散：通過規(guī)范的建設(shè)和管理，危廢暫存間能夠有效防止危險廢物中的有害物質(zhì)泄漏到土壤、水體和大氣中，避免對周邊生態(tài)環(huán)境造成污染，保護土壤質(zhì)量、水體安全和空氣質(zhì)量 。

Preventing the spread of pollution: Through standardized construction and management, hazardous waste temporary storage rooms can effectively prevent harmful substances from leaking into soil, water bodies, and the atmosphere, avoiding pollution to the surrounding ecological environment and protecting soil quality, water safety, and air quality.

資源回收利用：部分危險廢物中含有可回收利用的資源，如重金屬、貴金屬等。危廢暫存間的合理管理有助于對這些資源進行分類收集和儲存，為后續(xù)的資源回收利用提供條件，實現(xiàn)資源的循環(huán)利用，減少資源浪費 。

Resource recycling and utilization: Some hazardous waste contains recyclable resources such as heavy metals, precious metals, etc. Reasonable management of hazardous waste storage rooms helps to classify, collect, and store these resources, providing conditions for subsequent resource recycling and utilization, achieving resource recycling, and reducing resource waste.

（二）安全保障

（2） Security guarantee

降低安全風(fēng)險：危險廢物具有易燃、易爆、有毒等危險特性，若管理不當(dāng)，容易引發(fā)火災(zāi)、爆炸、中毒等安全事故。危廢暫存間的安全設(shè)施和規(guī)范管理能夠有效降低這些安全風(fēng)險，保障工作人員和周邊居民的生命財產(chǎn)安全 。

Reduce safety risks: Hazardous waste has hazardous characteristics such as flammability, explosiveness, and toxicity. If not managed properly, it can easily lead to safety accidents such as fires, explosions, and poisoning. The safety facilities and standardized management of hazardous waste storage rooms can effectively reduce these safety risks and ensure the safety of workers and surrounding residents' lives and property.

應(yīng)急響應(yīng)支持：完善的危廢暫存間配備了必要的應(yīng)急設(shè)施和物資，制定了應(yīng)急預(yù)案。在發(fā)生突發(fā)事故時，能夠迅速啟動應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機制，采取有效的措施進行處理，非常大限度地減少事故造成的損失 。

Emergency response support: The complete hazardous waste storage room is equipped with necessary emergency facilities and materials, and emergency plans have been developed. In the event of a sudden accident, the emergency response mechanism can be quickly activated, effective measures can be taken to handle it, and the losses caused by the accident can be minimized to the greatest extent possible.

四、未來發(fā)展趨勢與挑戰(zhàn)

4、 Future Development Trends and Challenges

（一）智能化管理

（1） Intelligent management

隨著物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能等技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，危廢暫存間的智能化管理將成為未來趨勢。通過安裝傳感器、監(jiān)控設(shè)備等，實現(xiàn)對危險廢物的實時監(jiān)測，包括溫度、濕度、壓力、氣體濃度等參數(shù)，以及設(shè)施設(shè)備的運行狀態(tài)。利用大數(shù)據(jù)分析技術(shù)，對監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)進行分析和預(yù)測，提前發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的安全隱患和環(huán)境風(fēng)險，實現(xiàn)智能化預(yù)警和管理 。

With the continuous development of technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, intelligent management of hazardous waste storage rooms will become a future trend. By installing sensors, monitoring equipment, etc., real-time monitoring of hazardous waste can be achieved, including parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, gas concentration, as well as the operating status of facilities and equipment. By utilizing big data analysis technology to analyze and predict monitoring data, potential safety hazards and environmental risks can be identified in advance, achieving intelligent warning and management.

（二）綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展

（2） Green and sustainable development

在建設(shè)和運營過程中，更加注重綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的應(yīng)用。采用環(huán)保型建筑材料和節(jié)能設(shè)備，減少能源消耗和污染物排放。優(yōu)化危險廢物的存儲和管理方式，提高資源回收利用率，降低對環(huán)境的影響 。

Pay more attention to the application of green and sustainable development concepts in the construction and operation process. Adopting environmentally friendly building materials and energy-saving equipment to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions. Optimize the storage and management of hazardous waste, improve resource recycling efficiency, and reduce environmental impact.

（三）法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的嚴(yán)格化

（3） Strictness of regulatory standards

隨著環(huán)保意識的不斷提高和對危險廢物管理的重視程度增加，相關(guān)法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將越來越嚴(yán)格。這對危廢暫存間的建設(shè)和管理提出了更高的要求，企業(yè)需要不斷加強自身管理，提高技術(shù)水平，以滿足法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求 。

With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness and the increasing emphasis on hazardous waste management, relevant regulations and standards will become increasingly strict. This poses higher requirements for the construction and management of hazardous waste temporary storage rooms, and enterprises need to continuously strengthen their own management and improve their technical level to meet regulatory standards.

（四）技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與人才培養(yǎng)

（4） Technological Innovation and Talent Cultivation

面對日益復(fù)雜的危險廢物處理需求，需要不斷進行技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，研發(fā)更加快捷、安全、環(huán)保的危險廢物處理技術(shù)和設(shè)備。同時，加強對危險廢物管理專業(yè)人才的培養(yǎng)，提高從業(yè)人員的專業(yè)素質(zhì)和技術(shù)水平，以適應(yīng)行業(yè)發(fā)展的需要 。

In the face of increasingly complex requirements for hazardous waste treatment, continuous technological innovation is needed to develop more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly hazardous waste treatment technologies and equipment. At the same time, we will strengthen the training of professionals in hazardous waste management, improve the professional quality and technical level of practitioners, in order to meet the needs of industry development.

危廢暫存間作為危險廢物管理的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，在環(huán)境保護和安全生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。通過科學(xué)合理的設(shè)計建設(shè)、嚴(yán)格規(guī)范的運行管理，以及不斷適應(yīng)未來發(fā)展趨勢，危廢暫存間將為危險廢物的安全處置和資源回收利用提供堅實保障，推動工業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展，守護我們的生態(tài)環(huán)境和人類健康

The hazardous waste storage room, as a key link in hazardous waste management, plays an important role in environmental protection and safe production. Through scientific and rational design and construction, strict and standardized operation and management, and continuous adaptation to future development trends, the hazardous waste temporary storage room will provide solid guarantees for the safe disposal and resource recycling of hazardous waste, promote industrial green and sustainable development, safeguard our ecological environment and human health